Nikon D50 read noise vs ISO

The Nikon D50 was measured at 4 ISO settings from ISO 200 to ISO 1600. Values are Bill Claff's (Photons to Photos) direct measurements from raw files.

At base ISO (200) read noise is 2.03 DN, or 12.2 electrons at the sensor. From ISO 200 up the camera is effectively ISO-invariant: raising ISO further doesn't meaningfully lower shadow noise. Full well at base ISO is about 24,559 electrons; unity gain is around ISO 1200.